伟德国际1946源于英国環境工程專業課程介紹

環境學

Environmental Science

課程編号：03600419j

适用專業：環境科學，環境工程

總學時數：48

總學分：  3

課程類型：專業基礎課

先修課程：環境微生物學、環境科學概論類課程

大綱撰寫人：王曉輝

課程内容簡介

環境科學是一門新興的邊緣學科，是針對當前世界面臨的重大環境問題而發展起來的，現已成為獨立的學科，其發展速度很快，許多新概念、新思維、新方法又不斷改進，進一步推動了本學科的進一步發展。在跨入21世紀之際，面臨不斷惡化的生存環境，人類清醒的認識到要走可持續發展之路。而發展環境教育是解決環境問題和實施可持續發展戰略的根本。高等學校的環境教育，是提高新世紀建設者的環境意識，并向社會輸送環境保護專門人才的重要途徑。為了反應國外環境類教材的最新内容，同時也為了提高學生閱讀專業文獻和獲取信息的能力，本專業将《環境學》設置成為雙語課程。

教學大綱

一、課堂講授部分

（一）各章節要點及授課時數

ENVIRONMENTAL INTERRELATIONSHIPS    Chapter 1 (4學時)

The Nature of Environmental Science

Interrelatedness

Ecosystem Approach

Artificial boundaries create difficulties in managing env. problems because most ecosystems do not coincide with political boundaries.

Social, economic, ethical, and scientific inputs shape our opinions.  Thus the problem of environmental decision making must take all these inputs into account and arrive at acceptable compromises.

ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS  Chapter 2  (4學時)

Outline

Views of Nature

Environmental Attitudes

Development

Preservation - Conservation

Societal Environmental Ethics

Corporate Environmental Ethics

Environmental Justice

Individual Environmental Ethics

Global Environmental Ethics

Different cultures view their place in the world from different perspectives.

Most environmental decisions have actually been economic decisions.

Resource exploitation may be costly to individuals but profitable to corporations.

Societies and corporations are composed of individuals.

The world is a closed-interrelated system.

Interrelated Scientific Principles   Chapter 3  (4學時)

Outline

Scientific Method

Limitations of Science

Matter

Chemical Reactions

Energy

First Law of Thermodynamics

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Environmental Implications of Energy Flow

Science is a method of gathering and organizing information.

Atoms are the fundamental units of matter. Atoms are made up of protons and neutrons in the nucleus, and protons circling the nucleus.

1st Law of Thermodynamics - Amount of  energy in the universe is constant, and thus cannot be created or destroyed (In any physical or chemical reaction).

2nd Law of Thermodynamics - When energy is converted from one form to another (in any physical or chemical reaction) some of the energy is degraded into a lower quality, less useful form.

Matter must always be recycled, energy can never be recycled.

Interactions: Environment and Organisms   Chapter 4 (4學時)

OUTLINE

Ecological Concepts

Natural Selection and Evolution

Organism Interactions

Community and Ecosystem Interactions

Energy Flows Through Ecosystems

Nutrient Cycles Through Food Webs

Environment - Everything that affects an organism during its lifetime.

Biotic and Abiotic Components

Habitat and Niche

Organism interact in a variety of ways

Community - Interacting groups of orgs.

Ecosystem - Multiple communities

Energy and atoms flow through ecosystems.  

ECOSYSTEMS AND COMMUNITIES   Chapter 5  (4學時)

OUTLINE

Succession

Primary, Secondary

Terrestrial, Aquatic

Climax Communities - Biomes

Deserts, Grasslands, Tropical Rainforests

Aquatic Ecosystems

Ecosystems change when one organism replaces another. (succession)

Regional terrestrial climax communities are called biomes.

Primary determinants are annual rainfall distribution and temperature fluctuations.

Aquatic ecosystems can be divided into marine (salt water) and freshwater ecosystems.

Oceans are divided into pelagic, benthic, and estuary regions.

Lakes are categorized as oligotrophic or eutrophic, depending on the temperature and nutrient status.

Streams get most of their nutrient from land, thus stream-side land uses are of prime importance.

POPULATION PRINCIPLES   Chapter 6  (3學時)

OUTLINE

Population Characteristics

Population Growth Curve

Carrying Capacity

Reproductive Strategies  (R and K)

Human population growth: Doubling Time, Size

Population = Group of individuals inhabiting same area at same time

Birth and death rates, sex ratio, age distribution, all affect pop. growth

Population Growth Curves (exponential growth)

Carrying Capacity

R and K reproductive strategies

Human population growth is complex, yet ultimately simple

HUMAN POPULATION ISSUES   Chapter 7  (4學時)

OUTLINE

Current Population Trends

Population Growth

Demographic Transition

Chinese Population

Food Issues

Many env. problems caused by human population growth.

Biological and sociological factors

Most growth occurs in less-developed countries.

Status of women significantly affects population growth.

Demographic Transition - Model ?

Highly developed nations should expect increasing pressure to “Share the Wealth.”

Patterns of Energy Consumption   Chapter 8  (4學時)

OUTLINE

History of Energy Consumption

Fossil Fuels - Industrial Revolution

Energy and Economics

Automobiles and Energy

Electrical Energy

Energy Consumption Trends

A direct correlation exists between the amount of energy used and the complexity of civilizations.

Wood furnished most early energy.

Due to wood shortages, fossil fuels became primary source of energy.

Fossil fuel consumption and labor-saving machines, resulted in the Industrial Revolution.

Because of financial, political, and various other factors, nations vary in the amount of energy they use as well as how they use it.

ENERGY SOURCES   Chapter 9  (4學時)

OUTLINE

Renewable vs. Non-Renewable Energy

Resources, Deposits, Reserves

Fossil Fuel Formation

Fossil Fuel Use Problems

Renewable Energy

Energy Conservation

Reserves are known deposits from which materials can be profitably extracted using current technology.

Fossil Fuels are non-renewable

Finite amounts

Fossil fuels will have to be replaced with renewable sources.

Energy conservation can greatly reduce demands-without noticeable changes in standards of living.

Soil and Its Uses  Chapter 10  (3學時)

Outline:

Land or Soil ?

Soil Formation

Soil Properties

Soil Profile - Horizons

Erosion

Soil Conservation

Soil is an organized mixture of minerals, organic matter, living organisms and air.

Soil Profiles - Horizons A-C

Erosion is the removal of soil via air or water.

Soil conservation techniques can reduce erosion.

Agriculture and Pest Management  Chapter 11  (4學時)

Outline

Agricultural Methods

Fertilizers

Pesticides

Organic Farming

Integrated Pest Management

In agriculture, technology replaces human labor, and vise-versa.

Majority of world food grown on large, mechanized farms.

Hard pesticides are stable and persist in environment for long periods of time.

Soft pesticides are not as persistent, but tend to be toxic to humans and vertebrates.

IPM makes use of a complete understanding of an organism’s ecology to develop pest control strategies.

Water Management   Chapter 12  (4學時)

Outline

Hydrologic Cycle

Water Use Categories

Water Pollution

Wastewater Treatment

Water Use Planning

Salinization

Hydrologic cycle driven by sun’s energy

Four human uses of water

DomesticIn-stream

AgriculturalIndustrial

Major sources of water pollution are municipal sewage, industrial waste, and agricultural run-off

Thermal pollution can cause habitat damage

Reduced water quality can threaten land use and in-place water uses

Review (2學時)

（二）教材及主要參考書

1.教材

《Environmental Science》，大學環境教育叢書，清華大學出版社2017年出版。

2.參考書目

（1） 《環境科學原理》，南京大學出版社，1997

（2） 《農業環境學》，伟德国际1946源于英国，2001

（3） 《環境學》，中國環境科學出版社，2001

（4） 《環境科學導論》，中國電力出版社，2000

（5） 《環境保護與可持續發展》，高等教育出版社，2000

教學大綱說明

一、教學目的與課程性質任務與其他課程的關系，所需先修課程

通過環境學的學習，應使學生具備一定的環境科學的基礎知識，通過雙語鍛煉學生獨立閱讀國外環境科學文獻的能力，掌握國外的先進科學文化知識，同時雙語教學是以英語語言為基礎的，自然就離不開“聽”和“說”的環節。因此在教學内容的安排方面應結構合理，循序漸進，應考慮到學生的接受能力，注意與基礎英語的銜接，既使教學内容豐富、所含知識量系統科學，又要含有代表性的專業文獻。

二、教學要求及選編教材的依據

基于雙語教學的特殊性，幫助學生樹立學習英文原版教材的自信心，使學生掌握最先進的環境科學的原理與相關知識，為以後的專業課教學，打下良好的基礎，選擇《Environmental Science》作為教材，在教學中注意雙向式的引導，充分發揮學生學習的積極性和主動性，盡量采用英語作為教學語言。開創新穎、活潑的教學形式。

三、教學環節和教學方法

   使學生具備獨立閱讀英文原版教材的能力，主要環節在于通過原版英文教材的講授，采用雙語教學，教會學生掌握國外環境科學的先進原理與技術。

四、改革思路和說明

在教學過程中，既要注意引導學生對環境科學專業基礎詞彙的掌握，又要提的綜合能力，因此改革的重點落實在教學形式的多樣化，教學内容的先進性。教學的重點是提高學生了解國外先進知識及科技發展的動态。